¹ Pattonder S, Chandola HM, Vyas SN. Clinical efficacy of Shilajatu (Asphaltum) processed with Agnimantha (Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.) in Sthaulya (obesity). Ayu. 2011;32(4):526-531. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.96127. (Study showed Shilajit demonstrated a 7.72% reduction in body fat in study participants). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3361929/
² Poole C, Bushey B, Foster C, et al. The effects of a commercially available botanical supplement on strength, body composition, power output, and hormonal profiles in resistance-trained males. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2010;7:34. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-34. (Study showed Fenugreek extract decreased body fat by 2.3% in just 8 weeks) . https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-7-34
³ Sinha A, Hollingsworth KG, Ball S, Cheetham T. Improving the vitamin D status of vitamin D deficient adults is associated with improved mitochondrial oxidative function in skeletal muscle. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(3) :E509-E513. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3592. (Study found 100% of patients reported improved energy levels after taking Vitamin D for 10-12 weeks). https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0031/ea0031oc1.6
⁴ Aware App. The science of Vitamin D – how it improves your energy & mood. Published August 8, 2022. (Article reported 77% of participants experiencing fatigue were found to have low Vitamin D levels) . https://www.aware.app/en/magazine/the-science-of-vitamin-d-how-it-improves-energy-mood
⁵ Naghii MR, Samman S. The effect of boron supplementation on its urinary excretion and selected cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjects. Al-Azhar Assiut Medical Journal. 2018;16(1) :96-97. doi:10.4103/AZMJ.AZMJ_33_18. (Study showed boron supplementation resulted in significant decrease in estradiol in healthy male volunteers). https://journals.lww.com/aamj/fulltext/2018/16010/boron__a_dietary_mineral_for_human_health.15.aspx
⁶ Prasad AS, Mantzoros CS, Beck FW, Hess JW, Brewer GJ. Zinc status and serum testosterone levels in healthy adults. Nutrition. 1996;12(5) :344-348. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(96)80058-x. (Study showed zinc supplementation increased serum testosterone levels from 8.3 to 16.0 nmol/p). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8875519/
⁷ Talbott SM, Talbott JA, George A, Pugh M. Effect of Tongkat Ali on stress hormones and psychological mood state in moderately stressed subjects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013;10(1) :28. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-28. (Study showed Tongkat Ali improved stress hormone profile and certain mood parameters). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291174654_The_ergogenic_effects_of_Tongkat_Ali_Eurycoma_longifolia
⁸ Bhasin S, Parker RA, Sattler F, et al. Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Whole Body and Regional Fat Mass and Distribution in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men with Abdominal Obesity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007;92(3) :1049-1057. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2060. (Study showed testosterone treatment led to 7.2% decrease in subcutaneous abdominal fat while placebo group experienced 8.1% increase, resulting in a 15.3% total difference). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/92/3/1049/2597786
⁹ Bhasin S, Parker RA, Sattler F, et al. Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Whole Body and Regional Fat Mass and Distribution in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men with Abdominal Obesity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007;92(3) :1049-1057. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2060. (Study reported: "Similarly, the reduction in trunk fat was about 10% in testosterone-treated men"). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/92/3/1049/2597786
¹⁰ Ng Tang Fui M, Prendergast LA, Dupuis P, et al. Effects of testosterone treatment on body fat and lean mass in obese men on a hypocaloric diet: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Medicine. 2016;14(1) :153. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0700-9. (Study concluded: "While dieting men receiving placebo lost both fat and lean mass, the weight loss with testosterone treatment was almost exclusively due to loss of body fat"). https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-016-0700-9
¹¹ Talbott SM, Talbott JA, George A, Pugh M. Effect of Tongkat Ali on stress hormones and psychological mood state in moderately stressed subjects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013;10(1) :28. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-28. (Study showed Tongkat Ali improved stress hormone profile and certain mood parameters). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3669033/
¹² Pandit S, Biswas S, Jana U, De RK, Mukhopadhyay SC, Biswas TK. Clinical evaluation of purified Shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers. Andrologia. 2016;48(5) :570-575. doi:10.1111/and.12482. (Study found Shilajit significantly increased total testosterone, free testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26395129/
¹³ Wilborn C, Taylor L, Poole C, et al. Effects of a purported aromatase and 5α-reductase inhibitor on hormone profiles in college-age men. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2010;20(6) :457-465. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.457. (Study on Fenugreek's effects on testosterone levels). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21116018/
¹⁴ Prasad AS, Mantzoros CS, Beck FW, Hess JW, Brewer GJ. Zinc status and serum testosterone levels in healthy adults. Nutrition. 1996;12(5) :344-348. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(96)80058-x. (Study showed zinc supplementation increased serum testosterone levels). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8875519/
¹⁵ Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2011;43(3) :223-225. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1269854. (Study found vitamin D supplementation significantly increased testosterone levels). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154195/
¹⁶ Saad F, Yassin A, Doros G, Haider A. Effects of long-term treatment with testosterone on weight and waist size in 411 hypogonadal men with obesity classes I-III: observational data from two registry studies. International Journal of Obesity. 2016;40(1) :162-170. doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.139. (Study showed sustained fat loss effects of testosterone treatment over 24+ weeks). https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo2015139
¹⁷ Travison TG, Araujo AB, O'Donnell AB, Kupelian V, McKinlay JB. A Population-Level Decline in Serum Testosterone Levels in American Men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007;92(1):196-202. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1375. (Study found a substantial age-independent population-level decrease in testosterone in American men, with declines greater in magnitude than the cross-sectional declines typically associated with age). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/92/1/196/2598434
¹⁸ Howe N. You're Not The Man Your Father Was. Forbes. October 2, 2017. (Article cites the 2007 JCEM study showing that "a 60-year-old man in 2004 had testosterone levels 17% lower than those of a 60-year-old in 1987" and notes that testosterone levels have been declining for decades) . https://www.forbes.com/sites/neilhowe/2017/10/02/youre-not-the-man-your-father-was/
¹⁹ Cleveland Clinic. Why Are Testosterone Levels Declining? September 20, 2022. (Medical resource confirms "The average drop is about 1% per year after age 30" while noting that research shows a generational decline beyond normal aging) . https://health.clevelandclinic.org/declining-testosterone-levels
²⁰ Bhattacharyya S, et al. Shilajit dibenzo-α-pyrones: Mitochondria targeted antioxidants. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;2:690-698. (Study showed Shilajit supports mitochondrial function, enhancing cellular energy production and fat metabolism) . https://pharmacologyonline.silae.it/files/archives/2009/vol2/069.Bhattacharya.pdf
²¹ Swaroop A, et al. Efficacy of a Novel Fenugreek Seed Extract (Trigonella foenum-graecum, Furocyst) in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015;12(10):825-831. doi:10.7150/ijms.13024. (Study demonstrated Fenugreek's ability to balance hormones and improve insulin sensitivity). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615243/
²² Hamzah S, Yusof A. The ergogenic effects of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) : A pilot study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003;37:464-470. doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.5.464. (Study documented Tongkat Ali's use by elite athletes for maintaining lean body composition under stress). https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/37/5/464.2
²³ Naghii MR, et al. Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2011;25(1) :54-58. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001. (Study found boron supplementation reduced estradiol by 39% and increased free testosterone by 25% in just 7 days). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/
²⁴ Zhang M, et al. Role of Taurine Supplementation to Prevent Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Healthy Young Men. Amino Acids. 2004;26(2) :203-207. doi:10.1007/s00726-003-0002-3. (Study demonstrated Taurine's role in fat metabolism and cardiovascular endurance). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15042451/
²⁵ Kidd PM. Vitamins D and K as pleiotropic nutrients: clinical importance to the skeletal and cardiovascular systems and preliminary evidence for synergy. Alternative Medicine Review. 2010;15(3) :199-222. (Review article documenting the synergistic effects of Vitamins K and D3 on fat metabolism). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21155624/
²⁶ Tambi MI, et al. Standardised water-soluble extract of Eurycoma longifolia, Tongkat Ali, as testosterone booster for managing men with late-onset hypogonadism. Andrologia. 2012;44(s1) :226-230. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01168.x. (Study found Tongkat Ali normalized testosterone levels in over 90% of participants in just one month). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21671978/
²⁷ Miljkovic D, et al. Boron and its compounds: Current and future applications in medicine. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2020;19(6) :3859-3884. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12640. (Review article documenting boron's effects on testosterone uptake and mood regulation). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12640
²⁸ Ghayee HK, Auchus RJ. Basic concepts and recent developments in human steroid hormone biosynthesis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2007;8(4):289-300. doi:10.1007/s11154-007-9052-2. (Study explains how the aromatase enzyme converts testosterone directly into estrogen through a process called aromatization, effectively reducing available testosterone in men). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17926129/
²⁹ Taylor HS, Aldad TS. Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2009;169(11) :1046-1047. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.185. (Study confirms that "BPA mimics estrogen, while phthalates block testosterone action" according to Yale University researchers). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/415056
³⁰ Meeker JD, Ferguson KK. Urinary Phthalate Metabolites Are Associated With Decreased Serum Testosterone in Men, Women and Children from NHANES 2011-2012. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(11) :4346-4352. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2555. (Study found that "increased phthalate concentrations were associated with a 10.8-to-24 percent decline in testosterone levels" in adults and "a 24-to-34.1 percent drop in testosterone levels" in boys). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/99/11/4346/2836429